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Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) in Singapore: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments
Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is a degenerative eye condition that affects adults over 50, and cases in Singapore often involve gradual changes in the macula that reduce central vision. Peripheral vision is usually preserved, and the condition does not typically lead to complete blindness.
When the condition progresses, everyday activities such as reading, cooking or watching television may become more difficult. Factors that can influence your risk include age, smoking, family history, race and overall cardiovascular health. Diagnosis may involve an Amsler grid or a detailed examination of your retina with a specialised lens to monitor any changes.
There are two primary forms of ARMD:
1. Dry ARMD, which accounts for the majority of cases and tends to progress slowly
2. Wet ARMD, which may progress more rapidly due to abnormal blood vessel growth
You may lower your risk by not smoking, staying physically active, keeping your blood pressure and cholesterol levels within a healthy range, and including leafy greens and fish in your diet. If you are in the intermediate stage, your ophthalmologist may discuss vitamin and mineral supplements based on the AREDS and AREDS 2 studies. Treatment options for advanced wet ARMD may include anti-VEGF injections, photodynamic therapy or laser therapy, depending on your clinical assessment.
Overview - What is Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
The macula is the part of the eye responsible for sharp, central vision. As it deteriorates with age, central vision may become blurred, making everyday activities such as reading, recognising faces, or driving more challenging. It is a leading cause of vision impairment among older adults, although it does not usually result in total blindness.
The progression of the condition varies. Some individuals experience gradual changes over many years, while others notice faster deterioration. In the early stages, vision changes can be subtle and easily overlooked, which is why regular eye examinations at an eye clinic play an important role in early detection and management of age-related macular degeneration in Singapore. For more detailed medical information, the SingHealth Age-Related Macular Degeneration resource provides a reliable overview of the condition and its management.
Causes of Age-related Macular Degeneration
While more extensive and comprehensive research is required to uncover the actual cause of age-related macular degeneration, it is revealed that a combination of heredity and environmental factors play a part. Smoking, obesity and diet can affect the progression of age-related macular degeneration. As the tissue in your macula thins over time, you may lose cells responsible for your vision.
Symptoms of Age-related Macular Degeneration
Age-related macular degeneration in Singapore often develops gradually and without pain, which means early changes may go unnoticed. One of the more common early signs is visual distortion, where straight lines may appear bent or wavy. There are two main forms of the condition. In some cases, abnormal blood vessels grow beneath the retina, leading to what is known as the “wet” form. These vessels can cause the retinal surface to bulge or pucker, resulting in distorted central vision during the early stages.
Another symptom involves reduced dark adaptation, which refers to the eyes’ ability to adjust when moving from bright to low-light environments. This ability may decline early on, causing increasing difficulty with night vision as the condition progresses. Other symptoms may include worsening blurriness, difficulty recognising faces, and colours appearing less vivid. These visual changes are commonly associated with the condition and should be assessed promptly by an eye care professional.
Diagnosis of Age Related Macular Degeneration in Singapore
Accurate diagnosis plays an important role in identifying the stage and type of age-related macular degeneration that patients in Singapore may experience. At Nova Eye Centre, a range of diagnostic tests is used to evaluate retinal health and determine the most appropriate management approach based on individual findings.
Comprehensive Eye Examination
A detailed eye assessment allows the ophthalmologist to check for changes in the macula and other parts of the retina. This may include visual acuity tests, pupil dilation, and the use of specialised lenses to examine the eye’s internal structures.
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
OCT is a non-invasive imaging test that provides high-resolution cross-sectional images of the retina. It helps detect fluid accumulation, tissue damage, or early signs of macular thinning which are important indicators in assessing disease progression.
Fluorescein Angiography
This diagnostic test involves the injection of a fluorescent dye into a vein in the arm. As the dye travels through the retinal blood vessels, photographs are taken to highlight any leakage or abnormal vessel growth. This information assists in determining the form and severity of macular degeneration.
Prevention of Age-related Macular Degeneration
Several lifestyle measures may help reduce the risk of developing vision changes associated with age-related macular degeneration. Quitting smoking is one of the most important steps, as smoking is a known risk factor that can accelerate retinal damage. Protecting the eyes from prolonged exposure to bright sunlight by wearing sunglasses may also be beneficial, as long-term light exposure can affect retinal health. In addition, attending regular eye examinations becomes increasingly important with age, particularly for individuals with existing risk factors, as early changes may be detected before noticeable vision loss occurs.
Treatment for age-related Macular Degeneration
Treatment approaches vary depending on the specific form of age-related macular degeneration. While there is currently no curative treatment for the dry form, visual aids and supportive measures may help manage its impact on daily activities and maintain functional vision.
The wet form is now most commonly managed with intraocular anti-VEGF injections. These medications are used to slow or stop the growth of abnormal blood vessels beneath the retina, which are responsible for fluid leakage and progressive retinal damage. By targeting this process, treatment aims to stabilise vision and reduce further deterioration rather than restore lost sight.
As treatment suitability depends on individual eye health and disease progression, consultation with an eye doctor in Singapore is important to determine the most appropriate management plan.
Risk Factors of Age-related Macular Degeneration
Several factors are associated with a higher likelihood of developing age-related macular degeneration, with age being the most significant. The risk increases as individuals grow older, making it a leading cause of vision impairment among the elderly. Ethnicity may also play a role, with higher prevalence observed among White populations, followed by Chinese and Hispanic or Latino groups, while lower rates have been reported among African-American populations.
Beyond genetic predisposition, overall health and lifestyle factors can influence risk levels. Individuals with a history of cardiovascular conditions such as stroke, angina, or heart attack may face a higher likelihood compared to those without such conditions. Elevated cholesterol levels, prolonged exposure to sunlight, and smoking have also been linked to increased risk, highlighting the importance of managing general health and lifestyle habits.
Meet Our Experienced Specialist in Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Dr Eugene Tay: Ophthalmologist
With over 25 years of clinical experience, Dr Eugene Tay provides evidence-based care for patients managing age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) in Singapore. His approach focuses on precision, early detection, and patient education, helping individuals understand their condition and explore suitable treatment options.
Learn more about Dr Eugene Tay on Our Doctor.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can age-related macular degeneration be reversed?
While there is no cure for age-related macular degeneration, treatment may slow the disease and keep you from having severe vision loss. Contact us and talk to our eye doctor for a suitable treatment option.
At what age does age-related macular degeneration usually begin?
Age-related macular degeneration usually begins at age 55 or older. If diagnosed, it is important for the patient to keep track of its progression. However, the impact and rate of change can vary for each individual, depending on factors such as the stage at which the condition is detected and the patient’s responsiveness to treatment.
At Nova Eye Centre, we offer screenings and follow-up care to support patients in managing the condition.
Is macular degeneration a normal part of ageing?
Macular degeneration is not a normal part of ageing. While it is more common in older adults, it can occur at any age and is often linked to a combination of factors such as genetics, hereditary health conditions, and long-standing or poorly controlled issues like diabetes or high cholesterol. An annual general eye screening can help detect the condition early and allow for timely management.
How long does it take to go blind from macular degeneration?
According to the American Optometric Association, most people reach legal blindness within 10 years of diagnosis. However, this is just an estimate. The exact time frame is unknown. Following your eye doctor’s advice, taking vitamins, and taking care of your health may all be vital to slowing down this process.
For more on how we can help you manage this condition, visit our About Us page.
What are early warning signs of macular degeneration?
Some early warning signs of age-related macular degeneration include gradual increase in haziness of your central or overall vision, difficulty adapting to low light levels and a blurred or blind spot in the centre of your field of vision.
For more information on other age-related conditions and the treatments we provide, visit our Treatments & Conditions page.